Primary Care Dermatology Society
The leading primary care society for dermatology and skin surgery

Seborrhoeic keratosis (syn. seborrhoeic wart, basal cell papilloma)

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Latest update 16/06/09


This chapter is divided as follows:

  • Aetiology
  • Key diagnostic features
  • Dermoscopic appearance
  • Management

Aetiology

  • A seborrhoeic keratosis (SK) is a benign overgrowth of epidermal keratinocytes
  • The aetiology is unknown

Key diagnostic features

  • Age of presentation - Most commonly present from the fourth decade onwards
  • Symptoms
    • Frequently asymptomatic
    • Occasionally itch
    • Part / the whole of the lesion may come away with minimal trauma
  • Distribution - The trunk and face are commonly affected, but they can arise on almost any body site
  • It is not uncommon to find multiple lesions and some patients have very large numbers
  • Colour - lesions vary from brown to black, thinner lesions are paler, and traumatised lesions appear inflamed
  • The most common presentation is that of a thickened ‘acanthotic’ lesion, which has the following characteristics:
    • An irregular verrucous surface
    • Greasy appearance
    • ‘Stuck-on’ – The lesion sits on top of normal looking skin and gives the impression that it can be easily picked off
    • 1-3 cm in diameter (some can be larger)
  • Thinner lesions also occur and most commonly arise on the cheeks and lower legs

Dermoscopic appearance

Lesions take on various appearances including:

  • Acanthotic SK have a thickened epidermis with milia-like cysts and comedo-like openings. Bloods vessels are fine, regular and hairpin in shape
  • Multiple fissures and ridges, which looks like the surface of the brain
  • Thinner lesions have less in the way of the structures described above. Their features include a 'moth-eaten' border and other structures that often overlap with those seen in solar lentigo. It is unclear as to whether some seborrhoeic keratoses originate from solar lentigo. Perhaps a better explanataion is that the two are very common and so can co-exist, especially on sun-exposed areas. In general one would best distinguish between the two by terming a brown patch as a solar lentigo, whereas even a thin seborrheoic keratoses is likley on close inspection to be slightly elevated
  • Other presentations include a frogspawn-like appearance and what is described as 'fat fingers'

Please refer to dermoscopic section of 'Diagnosing Skin Disease' for more information


Management
  • Provide a patient information leaflet
  • Most SK do not need treatment but for those that do the majority can be treated by liquid nitrogen. Very thick lesions are best removed by curettage and cautery - all samples should be sent for histology

Figure 1 – Large SK of the trunk

Note the numerous surrounding smaller SK

Figure 2 – Close up of a SK

Note the greasy looking surface and ‘stuck-on’ appearance.
Close inspection also reveals milia-like cysts (black arrow) and comedo-like openings (red arrow)

Figure 3 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 2

Milia-like cysts show up as bright white dots (black arrow) and comedo-like openings (red arrow)

Figure 4 – SK

The lesion has a very ‘greasy’ appearance

Figure 5 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 4

Large numbers of comedo-like openings

Figure 6 – SK right shoulder

This large lesion was curetted and sent for histology

Figure 7 – SK right shoulder

Figure 8 - SK

The differential diagnosis included a benign melanocytic naevus and melanoma

Figure 9 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 8 confirms a SK

Large numbers of milia-like cysts (black arrows) and comedo-like openings (red arrows)

Figure 10 – SK

Figure 11 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 10

Note the gyri and sulci that give it a brain-like appearance

Figure 12 – SK right temple

Figure 13 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 12

Note the milia-like cysts (black arrow) and comedo-like openings (red arrows)

Figure 14 - Collision tumour

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Figure 15 - Dermoscopic apperance of figure 14

This tumour is made up of two lesions - a melanocytic naevus on the left and a seborrhoeic keratosis on the right



(copied with kind permission of Dr Stephen Hayes)

 

Figure 16 - Collision tumour (dermosopic apperanance)

This tumour is made up of two lesions - a seborrhoeic keratosis, and a small angioma at one o'clock



(copied with kind permission of Dr Stephen Hayes)

Figure 17 – Collision tumour 

Seborrhoeic keratosis (purple arrow) and BCC (black arrow)

Figure 18 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 17

Milia-like cysts of the seborrhoeic keratosis (purple arrow) and arborising vessels of the BCC (black arrow)

Figure 19 – A thin SK

/>Close inspection still gives the impression of a ‘stuck-on’ appearance

Figure 20 – Thin SK on the shin

The lesion lacked the scale, and was a lot smoother than if this had been a patch of Bowen’s disease

Figure 21 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 18

Large number of milia-like cysts

Figure 22 – Thin SK (black arrow)

Figure 23 – Dermoscopic appearance of figure 20

Thin lesions can lack the classical features seen in most SK, although close inspection of the edge (black arrow) of this lesion reveals a 'moth-eaten' border


As with all skin lesions, the dermatoscope should be used in conjunction with the history and naked eye examination. In cases of diagnostic uncertainty the patient should be referred or have the lesion excised with a 2mm clear margin

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Figure 24 - SK right forehead

Figure 25 - Dermoscopic appearance of figure 24

This shows a frogspawn-like appearance

Figure 26 - SK right forehead

Much of the lesion 'dropped off' before the appointment. This is quite a common feature of seborrhoeic keratoses

Figure 27 - Dermoscopic appearance of figure 26

The rather grey, granular structures are where the lesion has come away. These structures are not disimilar to those seen in lentigo maligna - the reassuring aspect in such cases is the history of a lesion that has come away